The Complete Guide to Incoterms: FOB, CIF, DDP Explained with Real Examples

Demurrage and detention charges have become a significant cost factor. Demurrage is charged when cargo stays in the terminal beyond the free period. Detention is charged when containers stay outside the terminal beyond the free period. Free periods vary by carrier and route — typically 3-7 days for demurrage and 5-10 days for detention. Always confirm these terms in your booking. Track your container return dates religiously.

Container loading optimization can reduce your per-unit shipping cost by 5-15%. Key factors: product dimensions, packaging design, loading pattern, and container type. Mixed-size products often achieve higher container utilization than uniform boxes. Request a loading plan from your forwarder before finalizing packaging. Small changes in box dimensions can significantly improve container fit. This is free money — most importers leave it on the table.

The Bill of Lading is the single most important shipping document. It serves as: receipt of goods, contract of carriage, and document of title. Three main types: Original B/L (controllable — need signed copy to release cargo), Sea Waybill (non-negotiable — cargo releases automatically), and Telex Release (electronic — fastest but no physical document). Choose based on payment terms and trust level with the buyer. For L/C transactions, only Original B/L is acceptable.